Wai — The Story of Water in West Maui

If you’re exploring real estate in West Maui, one of the most important things to understand isn’t just the view — it’s the water. In Hawaiian culture, water is far more than a utility. The word for fresh water, wai, also means wealth and prosperity. In fact, the very word for abundance, waiwai, is built on it. From ancient times to today, the presence and management of water has shaped how people live, farm, and build in Maui.

Here's a brief introduction to the story of water on Maui — where it comes from, how it was used in the past, and why its history still matters to homeowners today.

Water in Ancient Hawaii

For Native Hawaiians, water was life. Communities managed their resources through a system known as the ahupua‘a. These wedge-shaped land divisions extended from mountain peaks down to the ocean, ensuring that each community had access to fresh water for taro patches, farming, drinking, and fishing grounds.

Water wasn’t privately owned — it was a shared responsibility. Streams were carefully diverted into lo‘i kalo (taro terraces) and then returned to the natural flow, sustaining both people and ecosystems. This system reflected a deep respect for water as a communal resource, something to be cared for and passed on to future generations.

The Plantation Era — Changing the Flow

When sugar and pineapple plantations rose to prominence in the 19th and 20th centuries, water systems changed dramatically. Streams that had long sustained Hawaiian communities were diverted through extensive ditch networks to irrigate fields on drier coastal plains.

One example is the Honokōhau Ditch, built to move water from the rain-soaked slopes of the West Maui Mountains across to plantation lands. These ditches became part of the island’s infrastructure, and many still play a role in today’s water distribution.

While plantation agriculture has faded, the legacy of those diversions remains. Some of the water that once flowed to cane fields is now routed to resorts, golf courses, and residential communities.

Where West Maui’s Water Comes From Today

Water in West Maui still begins at the summit of Puʻu Kukui in the West Maui Mountains, one of the wettest places on earth. From there, it is collected and distributed through several sources.

• Surface water: Streams that originate high in the mountains.

• Groundwater: Wells that tap underground aquifers.

• Recycled water (R-1): Treated wastewater increasingly used for landscaping and golf course irrigation.
  
  

Rainfall varies dramatically across West Maui, which explains why some communities rely more heavily on one type of source than another:

• Lahaina: 10–14 inches (~250–350 mm) per year.

• Kaanapali: 24–28 inches (~610–710 mm) per year.

• Kapalua: ~24 inches (~610 mm), higher on the slopes.

• Puʻu Kukui: 386 inches (~9,800 mm) per year.
  
  

This contrast — from one of the wettest summits on earth to some of the driest coastal plains in Hawaiʻi — is what makes West Maui’s water story both complex and fascinating.

Water Systems You Should Know

Several organizations manage water in West Maui:

• Maui County Department of Water Supply (DWS): Provides drinking water to most neighborhoods in Lahaina Town through Napili.

• West Maui Water Service: provides the private water system for Launiupoko Water Company & Olowalu Water Company operating south of Lahaina.

• Hawaii Water Service: the private water company that serves Kaanapali and Kapalua. 

• Private ditch systems: Legacy infrastructure like the Honokōhau Ditch that still moves water across the mountains.

• Maui Land & Pineapple Company (ML&P): Once a pineapple plantation, the company still owns water infrastructure around Kapalua that supports the resort and nearby communities. ML&P has indicated it may sell or lease some of these assets in the future.

• Recycled water projects: A growing part of Maui’s future, helping reduce reliance on potable water for non-drinking uses.  In Kaanapali, the County is investing heavily in recycled water, with a $21.6 million expansion of R-1 underway. By 2027, resorts, golf courses, and hotels will be using far more recycled water for irrigation — easing pressure on potable supplies. 

For buyers, these differences matter. A home tied to a Maui County system may face different rules, restrictions, or costs than one that connects to private infrastructure. 

Water and Property Development

Availability of water is a major factor in growth and development in West Maui. In 2022 West Maui was designated as a special management area called the Lahaina Aquifer Surface Water and Groundwater Management Area by the Hawaii Commission on Water Resource Management (CWRM). As a result, water users also need to go through a state permitting process. 

Before any new homes or subdivisions can be built, developers must obtain a Water Availability Letter from the County. This document confirms that there is enough supply to support the project.

If supply is uncertain, projects can be delayed or scaled back. Ongoing litigation over stream diversions and water rights also influences how and where development proceeds. For buyers, this means that water infrastructure is one of the quiet but critical forces shaping the real estate market.

Water Issues in Kapalua Today

Is it drought or mismanagement of the water infrastructure that is causing Kapalua's water issues?  

• The Kapalua Plantation Course and Kapalua Bay Course have turned brown and been closed as of September 2, 2025, due to irrigation restrictions and drought-related impacts.

• The 2026 Sentry Tournament of Champions (which had been held at Kapalua since 1999) was canceled because the course “did not meet tour standards,” citing “ongoing drought conditions, water conservation requirements, agronomic conditions and logistical challenges.” SFGATE

• A legal battle is underway. Ty Management Corp. (owner of the golf courses) has filed suit against Maui Land & Pineapple Company, arguing that mismanagement of the Honokōhau ditch / water infrastructure—not natural drought—is to blame for water supply failures. 

• Maui Land & Pineapple counters that the drought (and lack of rainfall) makes it impossible to deliver adequate water, and emphasizes the primacy of public trust water uses over private irrigation.

• In Kapalua, non-potable water use was reduced by 40% in late 2024, then to 100% in early 2025, and currently remains at a 60% reduction. Maui Land & Pineapple has since announced it is considering selling or leasing its water system, while ongoing discussions continue about long-term stewardship and sustainability.

Looking Ahead — Building a Healthy Ecosystem

Despite challenges, Maui is investing in long-term strategies to ensure a reliable water future:

• One Water is a holistic management approach that treats all water—including drinking water, wastewater, and stormwater—as a single, interconnected resource.

• Increasing water capacity - Kahana Well Project (Honokōwai): Expected to come online in mid-2025, this system is anticipated to add nearly one million gallons per day to strengthen reliability for Lahaina, Napili, and Honokōwai residents.

• Recycled water expansion: Projects like Kaanapali’s R-1 system are creating more sustainable ways to meet demand.

• Smarter landscaping: Increasing emphasis on native and drought-tolerant plants helps reduce outdoor use. 

• Community awareness: Stage 2 shortage rules in 2025 highlight the importance of conservation across all user groups. Preserving healthy native forests high on the mountains is crucial to protecting our water supply.  

Together, these initiatives reflect a strategy to balance development, tourism, and community needs while protecting ecosystems and honoring the cultural importance of wai.

Takeaway for Buyers

In West Maui, water equals stability — for homes, neighborhoods, and the broader community. Understanding how water systems work gives you an advantage as a buyer. Whether it’s knowing if a property is on County or private water, factoring in irrigation restrictions, or watching where recycled systems are expanding, water is part of the real estate conversation.

As you look for your place in West Maui, remember the wisdom behind wai: water is wealth, and managing it well ensures prosperity for the island and its people.

Do you have questions or comments?  We'd love to hear from you!

Heidi Dollinger, R(B)

Island Sotheby's International Realty

808-359-4245